The public scale-out route decodes attacker-controlled features.kwargs_data into MultiModalKwargsItems and hands them straight to the engine — no authentication of the SHM handle:
# vllm/entrypoints/scale_out/token_in_token_out/serving.py Lines 155-165
# Deserialize tensor data when present; None → cache hit.
mm_kwargs: dict[str, list[MultiModalKwargsItem | None]] = {}
if features.kwargs_data is not None:
for modality, items in features.kwargs_data.items():
mm_kwargs[modality] = [
decode_mm_kwargs_item(item) if item is not None else None
for item in items
]
else:
for modality, hashes in features.mm_hashes.items():
mm_kwargs[modality] = [None] * len(hashes)
In the worker, a decoded item that carries an address is treated as authority to dereference shared memory: the (address, monotonic_id) pair alone drives the read, with no binding to the cache key or to who issued the handle:
# vllm/multimodal/cache.py Lines 711-723
@override
def get_and_update_item(
self,
mm_item: MultiModalKwargsItem | None,
mm_hash: str,
) -> MultiModalKwargsItem:
assert mm_item is not None, f"Expected an address item for {mm_hash=}"
if "address" in mm_item:
address = cast(int, mm_item["address"].data)
monotonic_id = cast(int, mm_item["monotonic_id"].data)
return self._shm_cache.get(address, monotonic_id)
return mm_item
The dereference lands in the SHM deserializer, which pickle.loads() any chunk tagged as bytes — so attacker bytes staged in the ring buffer are unpickled in the worker process:
# vllm/distributed/device_communicators/shm_object_storage.py Lines 375-400
def deserialize(self, data_view: memoryview) -> Any:
# pickle.loads do not read past the end of a pickled object
# within a large buffer, so we can skip storing the metadata size
type_name, nbytes, len_arr = pickle.loads(data_view)
serialized_data = data_view[-nbytes:]
if type_name == torch.Tensor.__name__:
obj = []
start_idx = 0
for length in len_arr:
item_bytes = serialized_data[start_idx : start_idx + length]
obj.append(item_bytes)
start_idx += length
obj = self.tensor_decoder.decode(obj)
elif type_name == self._mm_kwargs_item_cls.__name__:
obj = []
start_idx = 0
for length in len_arr:
item_bytes = serialized_data[start_idx : start_idx + length]
obj.append(item_bytes)
start_idx += length
obj = self.mm_decoder.decode(obj)
elif type_name == bytes.__name__:
obj = pickle.loads(serialized_data)
else:
raise ValueError(f"Unsupported object type '{type_name}' in metadata")
return obj
Impact
An ordinary authenticated inference caller can execute arbitrary Python in the worker process on a deployment that uses SHM multimodal caching. The live proof used a benign marker gadget and also caused the EngineCore health endpoint to fall from 200 to 503 after the forged request. The exploit is reachable with VLLM_ALLOW_INSECURE_SERIALIZATION=0; it abuses the built-in SHM object deserializer, not the separate optional msgpack ext-hook flag.
Suggested Fix
Authenticate every SHM carrier with a server-issued capability bound to the cache key, address, and monotonic id; rotate the capability secret when the cache is cleared; and reject malformed or forged SHM carriers at the public scale-out boundary before engine handoff — so a forged pair never reaches the worker deref / pickle.loads().
The sender emits an HMAC capability (keyed by a 32-byte secret stored in the ring buffer and rotated on clear()) over (cache_key, address, monotonic_id) alongside the pair. The public scale-out path validates it before engine handoff:
# vllm/entrypoints/scale_out/token_in_token_out/serving.py
cache = self.online_renderer.renderer.mm_processor_cache
for mm_hash, item in zip(hashes, items):
decoded_item = decode_mm_kwargs_item(item) if item is not None else None
if decoded_item is not None and cache is not None:
# Rejects a forged (address, monotonic_id) that lacks a valid
# server-issued capability for this cache key.
cache.validate_input_item(decoded_item, mm_hash)
decoded_items.append(decoded_item)
The worker get() re-checks the capability on the reader side before it ever dereferences the caller-supplied address:
# vllm/distributed/device_communicators/shm_object_storage.py
def get(self, address, monotonic_id, capability=None, key=None):
if not self.is_writer:
# Reject forged handles before dereferencing the supplied address.
self.validate_capability(key, address, monotonic_id, capability)
with self.ring_buffer.access_buf(address) as (data_view, buf_metadata):
self._validate_monotonic_id(address, monotonic_id, buf_metadata)
obj = self.ser_de.deserialize(data_view[self.flag_bytes :])
...
where validate_capability recomputes the HMAC with hmac.compare_digest and raises Missing server-issued SHM capability for cache key. / Invalid server-issued SHM capability for cache key. on any mismatch. The fix applies cleanly to v0.25.1 and ships regression tests asserting the generate path rejects an invalid handle and that the receiver requires a matching sender handle (and a capability issued after the current clear()) for the cache key.
Credit
Reported by: Patch the Planet (Trail of Bits + OpenAI collaboration)
This vulnerability was discovered using GPT-5.5-Cyber as part of the Patch the Planet security initiative.